A three-day online survey in Greece studied 2363 individuals and found that 37.6% of the participants had COVID-19 related-insomnia women and people in urban areas were more vulnerable to sleep problems. surveyed 5525 Canadian respondents and found that relative to the pre-pandemic baseline, wake-up times were significantly delayed and occurrences of clinically meaningful sleep difficulties significantly increased, with female sex, chronic illnesses, being employed, family responsibilities, earlier wake-up times, higher stress levels, as well as heavier alcohol use and television exposure representing risk factors. A French study of 556 participants from the general population revealed that 19.1% met the diagnostic criteria of clinical insomnia and confirmed that COVID-19-related worries and loneliness were the major contributing factors to clinical insomnia, in addition to lower education status, being infected by the virus and pre-existing mental health illness. An Italian study of 1989 young to middle-aged adults showed that during the pandemic, the prevalence of clinical insomnia was 18.6%, and insomnia severity was associated with poor sleep hygiene behaviors, dysfunctional beliefs about sleep, self-reported mental disorder, anxiety and depression. Studies among the general population in Europe suggest similar trends. Another group found the incidence of new onset COVID-19-related insomnia as high as 13.6%. In another large Chinese study among nearly 12,000 adolescents and young adults, the prevalence of insomnia symptoms during part of the COVID-19 epidemic period was 23.2%, with female sex, depression and anxiety, and residing in the city being the greater risk factors social support, both subjective and objective, was protective. studied 5461 Chinese participants and found that, as with mood disorders, insomnia was more severe in women and young people, living in the epicenter and experiencing a high degree of threat from COVID-19. The concomitant COVID-related increase in sleep dysfunction in the general population has been confirmed by the work of many groups. Many of the topics discussed are expanded upon in greater detail elsewhere in this special issue.īox 1 enumerates the types of sleep dysfunction associated with the COVID-19 pandemic.ģ. COVID-19 related sleep dysfunction in the general population This article summarizes some of the findings that have emerged from research into the associations between COVID-19 and sleep dysfunction. Additionally, research into sleep dysfunction in patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in both the acute and chronic phases of the illness is still being performed. The fear and anxiety of potential infection, mandatory lockdowns and quarantine procedures have combined to cause a degree of sleep dysfunction in the general population as well as among healthcare workers (HCWs) whose full scope has yet to be fully assessed. As such, it is not surprising that sleep patterns, sleep quality, and the diagnosis and management of sleep disorders have all been affected in profound and somewhat unexpected ways. Caused by a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), which was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, this public health crisis is still ongoing at the time of writing in mid-2021. The global COVID-19 pandemic has had a serious and significant impact on all aspects of daily living.

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